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寶媽的一不小心，這些都有可能讓你不孕不育

出處：網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集 日期：2024-08-27 18:57:36 編輯：秩名

有人說，發(fā)現(xiàn)不孕，先查男性；也有人說，不孕的原因女性占三分之二；那到底哪個才對呢？事實上，事物沒有絕對，疾病也是如此。作為受孕雙方的兩個個體，任何一方的問題都會導(dǎo)致不孕。 
 

臨床上，經(jīng)常碰到這樣信誓旦旦的小夫妻：

 
“我肯定沒有問題，您還是多給他做檢查吧！”
 
“我跟前女朋友就曾經(jīng)懷上過，所以肯定不是我的事！”
 
“我曾經(jīng)做過人工流產(chǎn)，我怎么會有問題，一定是他的問題。”
 
“我們倆都做過婚檢孕檢，都沒問題，肯定是別的因素。”
 
…… 
 
婚后遲遲沒有“喜訊”傳來，這是每個家庭最郁悶的事，然而此時，大多數(shù)家庭都會出現(xiàn)彼此質(zhì)疑，為自己開脫的情況。殊不知，丹麥一項大樣本研究顯示，結(jié)婚多年懷不上孩子的夫妻中，男女因素所占的比例持平。那么，我們的誤區(qū)究竟在哪里？
 
婚檢正常不等于生殖能力正常：一般婚檢項目主要檢查的是性傳播疾病和遺傳疾病，體格檢查中對生殖器的檢查也僅限于外觀，并不包括對生殖能力的檢測。所以，婚檢正常不代表生育能力就正常。
 
以前有生育能力不等于現(xiàn)在有生育能力：醫(yī)學(xué)研究證明，男性的生育能力受精神壓力的影響非常明顯，而應(yīng)酬中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的煙、酒、桑拿等對生育能力的影響也非常大。女性也有相同的情況，可能一次很小的生殖系統(tǒng)感染，若治療不當(dāng)，也會引起不孕。所以說，以前有生育能力，未必現(xiàn)在就有生育能力。
 
外表強壯不等于生殖能力強：外表和生育能力沒有任何關(guān)系，男女都一樣?？墒?，對于部分不孕的女性來說，自己的身體可能會感到一些不適，比如月經(jīng)周期不準(zhǔn)、下腹部疼痛不適等，而有的女性不孕癥患者自身也沒有任何感覺。對于不育的男性來說，大部分不會有任何不適感。
 
精液多不等于生育能力強：因為精液中大部分的成分是前列腺液，精子只占其中約10%，而這10%的精子的健康狀況才決定著男性的生育能力。
 
那么，造成不孕的原因究竟有哪些呢？
 

引起女性不孕的因素 

 
陰道因素：因陰道閉鎖或陰道中隔等先天因素引起性交障礙或困難，從而影響精子進入女方生殖道。再者，由于霉菌、滴蟲、淋球菌等感染造成陰道炎癥改變了陰道生化環(huán)境，降低精子活動力和生存能力，從而影響受孕機會。
 
宮頸因素：宮頸狹窄、息肉、腫瘤、粘連等均可影響精子通過；宮頸糜爛，其炎性滲出物有殺精作用；宮頸黏液中存在抗精子抗體，不利于精子穿透宮頸管或完全使精子失去活動能力，其中值得引起注意的是未婚先孕人工流產(chǎn)后所致的宮頸粘連，尤其是反復(fù)人流時更容易造成這一嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥，把精子拒之于宮頸口之外。宮頸管的先天性異常多伴有月經(jīng)異常或痛經(jīng)，女孩子在初潮后就會去醫(yī)院檢查。而淋球菌等所致宮頸炎則是通過性生活感染的，常導(dǎo)致宮頸管閉鎖或狹窄。宮頸內(nèi)口松弛癥是引起習(xí)慣性晚期流產(chǎn)而致不育的常見原因之一。當(dāng)妊娠月份增大，胎囊重量增加超過宮頸管的承受能力時，頸管擴張，胎囊鼓出并破水，胎兒及胎盤相繼排出，常發(fā)生在妊娠3個月以后。
 
子宮因素：先天性無子宮、幼稚型子宮及無宮腔的實性子宮等發(fā)育不良或畸形都會影響女子的生育能力。子宮后位或嚴(yán)重后屈、子宮內(nèi)膜炎癥、宮腔粘連都是造成不孕的原因。約75%的子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥患者有不孕史，這是因為它會引起子宮后位粘連，活動差，也可引起輸卵管粘連，導(dǎo)致蠕動能力下降。
 
輸卵管因素：輸卵管過長或狹窄，輸卵管炎癥引起管腔閉塞、積水或粘連，均會妨礙精子、卵子或受精卵的運行。輸卵管疾病可占女性不孕的25%，是不孕的重要原因，造成炎癥的疾病包括結(jié)核、內(nèi)膜異位癥、滴蟲、淋病及其他病原菌感染。
 
卵巢因素：卵巢濾泡發(fā)育不全，不能排卵并形成黃體、卵巢早衰、多囊性卵巢、卵巢腫瘤等影響卵泡發(fā)育或卵子排出的因素都會造成不孕。
 
內(nèi)分泌因素：當(dāng)下丘腦發(fā)育成熟不全或下丘腦周期中樞成熟延遲，使下丘腦－垂體－卵巢軸三者之間的調(diào)節(jié)不完善，于是表現(xiàn)為無排卵月經(jīng)，閉經(jīng)或黃體功能失調(diào)，這些都是不孕癥的可能原因。另外，甲狀腺功能亢進或低下，腎上腺皮質(zhì)功能亢進或低下也能影響卵巢功能并阻礙排卵。
 
先天性因素：嚴(yán)重的先天性生殖系統(tǒng)發(fā)育不全，這類病人常伴有原發(fā)性閉經(jīng)、性染色體異常，例如特納綜合征、真假兩性畸形、染色體異常造成的習(xí)慣性流產(chǎn)等。
 
全身性因素：營養(yǎng)障礙、代謝性疾病、慢性消耗性疾病、單純性肥胖等。服用生棉籽油、有毒化學(xué)試劑、放射線照射、微波等物理因素。
 
精神神經(jīng)因素：植物性神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能失調(diào)、精神病、環(huán)境性閉經(jīng)、神經(jīng)性厭食、假孕等。 
 
其他免疫性不孕：血型不合，如Rh因子或ABO溶血造成的習(xí)慣性流產(chǎn)或死胎。
 

引起男性不育的因素 

 
精液異常：如無精子或精子數(shù)過少，活力減弱，形態(tài)異常。
 
精子運送受阻：附睪及輸精管結(jié)核可使輸精管阻塞，阻礙精子通過。陽痿、早泄不能使精子進入女性陰道。
 
免疫因素：精子、精漿在體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生對抗自身精子的抗體可造成男性不育，射出的精子發(fā)生自身凝集而不能穿過宮頸黏液。 
 
內(nèi)分泌功能障礙：男性內(nèi)分泌受下丘腦－垂體－睪丸軸調(diào)節(jié)。垂體、甲狀腺及腎上腺功能障礙可能影響精子的產(chǎn)生而引起不孕。
 
性功能異常：外生殖器發(fā)育不良或陽痿致性交困難等。

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