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別再把自閉癥兒童當“智障”了，他們有本質(zhì)區(qū)別！

出處：@杜佳楣講孤獨癥日期：2024-08-20 03:27:11編輯：網(wǎng)絡收集

很多人對自閉癥一知半解，甚至曲解：

“自閉癥是一種心理疾病，是因為心情抑郁造成的”

“自閉癥就是弱智”

“自閉癥就是不會說話，智力障礙”……

估計在70%的普通人眼中，自閉癥和智力障礙傻傻分不清。

今天我們就來說一說自閉癥與智力障礙的區(qū)別。

自閉癥與智力障礙的區(qū)別

自閉癥與智力障礙都是因腦部問題引起的疾病。

自閉癥是神經(jīng)性廣泛發(fā)育障礙疾病，至今發(fā)病機理尚不清楚，且預后差，是目前世界醫(yī)療、教育部門都十分關(guān)注和研究的對象。

智力障礙多為基因問題或因腦缺氧造成的腦損傷而致成的疾病，很早就被人們所關(guān)注。因此，對智力障礙人群的教育康復研究已比較成熟、系統(tǒng)。

01

關(guān)于兒童自閉癥的定義及其特點

(一) 兒童自閉癥是發(fā)生于兒童早期的一種涉及感知覺、情感、語言、思維和動作與行為等多方面的發(fā)育障礙，也是廣泛發(fā)育障礙中最為常見和典型的一種。

(二) 兒童自閉癥是一種廣泛性發(fā)育障礙的典型，以男孩多見，起病于嬰幼兒期(通常在3歲以內(nèi)) ,主要為不同程度的人際交往障礙、興趣狹窄和行為方式刻板。

(三) 兒童自閉癥的特征及其表現(xiàn)：

(1) 社會性交往障礙明顯，不能建立情感聯(lián)系。

(2) 語言表達和理解困難，缺乏溝通和交流功能。

(3) 興趣和活動內(nèi)容局限，刻板與重復。

(4) 起病于兒童早期(30個月內(nèi)或3歲) ，且多伴有精神發(fā)育遲滯(約70% ) 。

(5) 心理年齡明顯低于同齡兒童。

(6) 自閉癥兒童對環(huán)境具有極強的敏感性。

(7) 成年后常伴有癲癇疾病的發(fā)生。

自閉癥兒童通常面目清秀，有些還顯得很聰明，父母對這樣一個孩子往往視為掌上明珠，可是他們卻無動于衷，一點不理解父母的愛心。

他們中約有一半不會講話，或者講話怪異，并且興趣狹窄。家長發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的孩子與眾不同時，常常感到非常的困惑、迷茫、無助、焦慮和失落。

非典型自閉癥是指一種廣泛性發(fā)育障礙的亞型，癥狀不典型（只能部分滿足自閉癥癥狀標準），或發(fā)病齡不典型（如在3歲后才出現(xiàn)癥狀），可考慮此診斷。不典型自閉癥可發(fā)生在智力發(fā)育接近正?；驀乐鼐癜l(fā)育遲滯的患兒，多見于男童。

02

智力障礙的概念及特點

(一) 智力落后又被稱為智力殘疾、智力障礙、智力低下或弱智等等。

1992年美國智能障礙協(xié)會(AAMR)對智力障礙的定義為：現(xiàn)有的能力水平有實質(zhì)上的限制。其特征為：智力水平顯著低于平均智力發(fā)展水平，同時具有下列各項適應技能領(lǐng)域兩種或兩種以上的限制：溝通、自我照顧、居家生活、社交技能、使用社區(qū)、自我引導、健康與安全、功能性學科能力、休閑娛樂和工作。其患病是在發(fā)育期間(18周歲以前)。

此概念包括了三個標準：

第一：智力殘疾人的智力必須顯著低于正常人的平均水平。就是智力商數(shù)(IQ)在70以下。

第二：與此同時，他在日常社會生活中還表現(xiàn)明顯的適應行為障礙。

第三：障礙發(fā)生在18周歲以前。

我國對智力落后的定義是：指人的智力明顯低于一般人水平，并且顯示出適應行為的障礙。包括在智力發(fā)育期間由于各種有害因素導致精神發(fā)育不全或智力遲緩；智力發(fā)育成熟以后，由于各種有害因素導致的智力損害或老年期的智力明顯衰退。

(二)智力障礙的特點

1.知覺速度緩慢，范圍狹窄，內(nèi)容籠統(tǒng)不精準，整個知覺較正常兒童明顯遲鈍。

2.記憶再現(xiàn)方面會發(fā)生大量歪曲和錯誤，記憶速度慢保持差，記憶表象貧乏

3.言語出現(xiàn)遲，發(fā)展緩慢，詞匯量小，缺乏連貫性

4.思維判斷力差缺乏抽象思維能力，數(shù)的概念掌握困難。

5.注意力不集中穩(wěn)定性差。

自閉癥和智障兒童有什么不同

患有自閉癥的兒童一般會在兩歲至三歲的時候顯現(xiàn)出癥狀，表現(xiàn)為語言交際困難，喜歡獨處，沒有與別人的目光接觸等，很多家長通常會認為孩子是聾子或“弱智”，將其鎖在家里或者送往農(nóng)村親戚家撫養(yǎng)，結(jié)果導致自閉癥兒童終生飽受痛苦。

自閉癥兒童和智障兒童在有些方面有相似的地方，例如與他人的言語交際障礙、對言語的理解障礙、學習障礙等，但兩者還是有很大差別的。

自閉癥兒童雖然伴有全面的發(fā)育遲緩現(xiàn)象，但各個方面的發(fā)育并不平衡。例如，有的自閉癥兒童連生活都不能自理，但卻有很強的計算能力或者繪畫、音樂能力，有的兒童幾乎沒有語言能力，但在記憶力、識別顏色、識別形狀等方面表現(xiàn)突出。

智障兒童通常是在各個方面的發(fā)育均比正常人遲緩，但各方面發(fā)育比較均衡，在感知、社會交往、興趣及語言等各方面的發(fā)展與其智商是成正比的。

部分自閉癥兒童的智力發(fā)育是要遲緩一些，但他們的主要問題是因為他們的排斥心理不愿意學，而不像智障兒童愿意學，卻學不會。而且自閉癥兒童社會性極弱，在社交能力及主動性上遠低于弱智兒童。

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