媽媽育兒網(wǎng)
當(dāng)前位置: 主頁(yè) > 學(xué)齡前 > 英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí) > 孩子學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)的最佳時(shí)間

孩子該多大開始學(xué)外語(yǔ)最合適？

出處：媽媽育兒網(wǎng)日期：2014-11-27 11:45:30編輯：Chen

雖說高考取消了英語(yǔ)考試，但學(xué)好英語(yǔ)的重要性卻沒有因此而減退。

孩子什么時(shí)候?qū)W英語(yǔ)最好？最近媒體如火如荼地討論幼兒全美語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的問題，大部分家長(zhǎng)主張?jiān)皆鐚W(xué)習(xí)越好，擔(dān)心孩子錯(cuò)過學(xué)外語(yǔ)的關(guān)鍵期，以后說英語(yǔ)有口音。有些家長(zhǎng)雖不見得贊同，但是看到別人都這樣做了，怕自己孩子輸在起跑線上，也不得不跟進(jìn)。

母語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)的確有所謂的“關(guān)鍵期”(其實(shí)心理學(xué)家不喜歡用“關(guān)鍵期”這個(gè)名詞，比較喜歡“敏感期”，因?yàn)楹笳邚椥员容^大)，愈早愈好。但是第二語(yǔ)言也是這樣嗎？

1970年，彼得·馬勒教授發(fā)現(xiàn)：如果把一只白冠麻雀從小隔離長(zhǎng)大，不讓它聽任何聲音，只在它35天到56天大之間讓它每天聽到4分鐘正常的鳥歌，那么它長(zhǎng)大后所唱的歌就幾乎正常；如果在它50天到71天大之間才給它聽正常的鳥歌，它長(zhǎng)大后所唱的歌，雖然也有基本的調(diào)子，但是缺乏抑揚(yáng)頓挫以及語(yǔ)尾顫音變化；如果太早(7天以前)或太晚(300天以后)才聽到鳥歌，那么它所唱的歌會(huì)不正常，平板無(wú)變化。

這表示太早或太晚才學(xué)是沒有用的。也就是說，出生后7到60天是白冠麻雀的關(guān)鍵期，它必須在這段時(shí)間聽過自己種類的歌才學(xué)得會(huì)唱；60天到100天為邊緣期，仍然學(xué)得會(huì)，但歌不完整；過了邊緣期后再學(xué)就學(xué)不會(huì)了。

當(dāng)然，這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)無(wú)法直接應(yīng)用到人類身上。但是在1971年，美國(guó)加州曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過一件受虐兒的案件，可供參考。一個(gè)女孩被精神不正常的父親關(guān)在房間里3年后獲救，因?yàn)樵谶@段時(shí)間沒有接觸到語(yǔ)言，所以后來(lái)雖然有加州大學(xué)洛杉機(jī)分校的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家專門教她，她的語(yǔ)言始終不正常。一般認(rèn)為這是因?yàn)樗@救時(shí)已過了學(xué)習(xí)母語(yǔ)的關(guān)鍵期，所以才會(huì)效果不好。

另一個(gè)案例的受虐兒就幸運(yùn)得多。伊莎貝爾也是被父母關(guān)到6歲才被救出來(lái)的，但是因?yàn)?歲仍在關(guān)鍵期之內(nèi)，她的語(yǔ)言發(fā)展就很正常，在一年之內(nèi)，不但學(xué)會(huì)了語(yǔ)言，還進(jìn)入正常小學(xué)去讀書。也就是說，7歲的伊莎貝爾說話跟她二年級(jí)班上的同學(xué)說得一樣好。雖然別人有7年的說話經(jīng)驗(yàn)而她只有一年，但是她很快就迎頭趕上了。

這兩個(gè)現(xiàn)象支持了麻省理工學(xué)院語(yǔ)言學(xué)大師喬姆斯基的看法，即我們大腦中有個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的機(jī)制，它必須在語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的窗口開放時(shí)間內(nèi)被啟動(dòng)，以后的學(xué)習(xí)才會(huì)正常。所謂“母語(yǔ)”，是在自然的社會(huì)環(huán)境里學(xué)會(huì)的第一語(yǔ)言。

但第二語(yǔ)言的學(xué)習(xí)到現(xiàn)在還沒有看到支持關(guān)鍵期的證據(jù)。

史丹佛大學(xué)的憲次白田曾對(duì)“學(xué)第二語(yǔ)言有無(wú)關(guān)鍵期”做了詳細(xì)的研究，他最后的結(jié)論是：沒有。他說，成年后再學(xué)第二語(yǔ)言，跟孩子時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)第二語(yǔ)言的表現(xiàn)并無(wú)差異。

第二語(yǔ)言的學(xué)習(xí)，基本上與母語(yǔ)是不同的機(jī)制。法國(guó)的迪韓發(fā)現(xiàn)第一語(yǔ)言的大腦區(qū)域都在左邊，但是第二語(yǔ)言就很零亂，因每個(gè)人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)而不同。他的8個(gè)受試者中，竟然找不到一個(gè)地方是有6個(gè)人都共同活化的。

一般來(lái)說，第一語(yǔ)言都在左腦處理，第二語(yǔ)言就轉(zhuǎn)到右腦去了，而且左腦活化的強(qiáng)度比右腦弱?，F(xiàn)在的研究都發(fā)現(xiàn)，第二語(yǔ)言的大腦處理位置，不是與他學(xué)習(xí)的年齡有關(guān)，而是與他使用這個(gè)語(yǔ)言的精純度有關(guān)。

以目前所有的研究看來(lái)，母語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)是有敏感期的，技能的學(xué)習(xí)，如運(yùn)動(dòng)、樂器、舞蹈等也有敏感期。敏感期的早晚，目前并無(wú)定論，大部分認(rèn)為在青春期之前。但是第二語(yǔ)言的學(xué)習(xí)并沒有敏感期。

因?yàn)榈谝徽Z(yǔ)言已把大腦中學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的機(jī)制啟動(dòng)了，只有學(xué)得好不好的區(qū)別，沒有前面所說的學(xué)不會(huì)的問題了。第二語(yǔ)言的學(xué)習(xí)在青春期之前都可以學(xué)得很好，就看自己有多努力。亞都飯店嚴(yán)長(zhǎng)壽總裁，他沒讀過大學(xué)，沒專門學(xué)過英語(yǔ)，后來(lái)通過自學(xué)和工作中的應(yīng)用，能講一口流利的英語(yǔ)。這樣的例子可以舉出很多。父母大可不必急著把還不會(huì)走路的孩子送去美語(yǔ)補(bǔ)習(xí)班，童年最重要的是游戲，不是上課。

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